Improving Function Space Flow Matching with Kernel Optimal Transport

📄 arXiv: 2609.38049v1 📥 PDF

作者: Fred Xu, Thomas Markovich, Barbora Barancikova, Yizhou Sun

分类: cs.LG

发布日期: 2026-09-29

备注: Paper is already accepted at Neurips


💡 一句话要点

提出核函数最优传输以改进函数空间流匹配

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱二:RL算法与架构 (RL & Architecture)

关键词: 函数值数据 流匹配 最优传输 核方法 生成模型 时间序列 偏微分方程 机器学习

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有的功能流匹配方法在处理无限维空间时,存在独立端点配对导致的匹配困难,影响了模型的性能。
  2. 论文提出的核功能流匹配(kFFM)通过熵最优传输替代独立配对,利用核诱导成本来更好地捕捉函数值数据的几何特性。
  3. 实验结果显示,kFFM在时间序列和偏微分方程基准测试中,相较于FFM和其他基线方法有显著的性能提升。

📝 摘要(中文)

针对函数值数据(如时间序列和偏微分方程解)的生成模型,必须在无限维空间中学习分布。功能流匹配(FFM)扩展了流匹配的应用,但其独立的端点配对方式导致了在函数空间中更难处理的挑战。本文提出了核功能流匹配(kFFM),通过在核诱导成本下采用熵最优传输(OT)替代独立配对,保持了FFM神经算子架构不变。我们证明了核成本和HSD目标在Banach环境空间上是均匀有界且良构的,并推导出相对于紧致度量空间的二次成本OT的误差分解。实验表明,kFFM在时间序列和PDE基准测试中显著改善了分布匹配效果。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文旨在解决现有功能流匹配(FFM)在函数空间中由于独立端点配对导致的匹配困难。传统的流匹配方法在无限维空间中难以有效处理数据的全局结构和实例特定残差。

核心思路:提出的核功能流匹配(kFFM)通过在核诱导成本下采用熵最优传输(OT)来替代独立配对,从而更好地捕捉函数值数据的几何特性,提升匹配效果。

技术框架:kFFM保持了FFM的神经算子架构不变,主要模块包括核诱导成本的计算、熵最优传输的实现以及与HSD目标的结合。

关键创新:kFFM的核心创新在于将熵最优传输引入到函数空间流匹配中,克服了传统方法在处理无限维数据时的局限性,显著提升了匹配性能。

关键设计:在设计中,采用了Banach空间中的均匀有界性和良构性,损失函数基于HSD目标,并通过Sobolev正则性控制离散化不变性界限。

🖼️ 关键图片

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📊 实验亮点

实验结果表明,kFFM在时间序列和偏微分方程基准测试中,相较于FFM和其他对比基线,显著提高了分布匹配效果,特别是在配对种子上取得了显著的增益,且在非核和基于物理的诊断下,性能提升依然显著。

🎯 应用场景

该研究的潜在应用领域包括时间序列分析、物理建模和复杂系统模拟等。通过改进的kFFM方法,可以更准确地捕捉和生成函数值数据的分布,具有重要的实际价值和广泛的应用前景。

📄 摘要(原文)

Generative models for function-valued data, such as time series and solutions of partial differential equations, must learn distributions over infinite-dimensional spaces. Functional Flow Matching (FFM) extends Flow Matching to this setting, learning a velocity field whose flow transports a Gaussian prior to the data distribution, but it inherits the independent endpoint pairing of standard Flow Matching: in each batch, prior and data samples are matched arbitrarily, so the conditional bridge must traverse both the shared global structure of the dataset and instance-specific residuals. In function space this is harder to fix than in finite dimensions, since optimal transport (OT) on function spaces is delicate to formulate and a flat Euclidean surrogate ignores the geometry that distinguishes function-valued data. We propose kernel Functional Flow Matching (kFFM), which replaces the independent pairing by entropic OT under a kernel-induced cost, the coupling underlying the Hilbert Sinkhorn Divergence (HSD), leaving the FFM neural-operator architecture unchanged. We prove that the kernel cost and the HSD objective are uniformly bounded and well-posed on Banach ambient spaces, derive an error decomposition against quadratic-cost OT on compact metric spaces that isolates an irreducible kernel-cost mismatch term, and prove a discretization-invariance bound whose rate is governed by Sobolev regularity. Empirically, kFFM improves distributional matching over FFM, diffusion, adversarial, and finite-dimensional OT baselines on time-series and PDE benchmarks, with significant paired-seed gains over FFM and improvements that persist under non-kernel and physics-based diagnostics, including a turbulent Navier-Stokes benchmark. Bounded kernel costs already outperform raw $L^2$ Sinkhorn, and function-space-aware kernels (signature, Sobolev RBF) give further gains on rough or path-valued data.