Fairness Aware Reinforcement Learning via Proximal Policy Optimization
作者: Gabriele La Malfa, Jie M. Zhang, Michael Luck, Elizabeth Black
分类: cs.MA, cs.LG
发布日期: 2025-02-06 (更新: 2025-09-02)
💡 一句话要点
提出公平强化学习方法Fair-PPO以解决多智能体系统中的公平性问题
🎯 匹配领域: 支柱二:RL算法与架构 (RL & Architecture)
关键词: 公平性 强化学习 多智能体系统 近端策略优化 资源分配 社会影响 算法优化
📋 核心要点
- 现有的强化学习方法在多智能体系统中往往忽视了公平性,导致奖励分配不均,影响了敏感属性智能体的表现。
- 本文提出的Fair-PPO方法通过引入公平性惩罚项,结合回顾性和前瞻性组件,旨在实现奖励最大化与公平性的平衡。
- 实验结果显示,Fair-PPO在多个公平性指标上优于传统PPO,同时保持与先进公平强化学习算法相当的性能。
📝 摘要(中文)
在多智能体系统中,公平性关注在涉及种族、性别或社会经济地位等敏感属性的场景中,智能体之间的奖励分配公平性。本文在近端策略优化(PPO)中引入公平性,通过引入基于公平性定义(如人口平等、反事实公平或条件统计平等)的惩罚项,提出了Fair-PPO方法。该方法通过整合回顾性和前瞻性两个惩罚组件,平衡奖励最大化与公平性。实验表明,Fair-PPO在公平性指标上优于PPO,同时在效率上与最先进的公平强化学习算法相匹配,展示了改善公平性的多种策略。尽管公平性可能导致效率降低,但并未损害整体人群的平等性(基尼指数)。
🔬 方法详解
问题定义:本文旨在解决多智能体系统中智能体奖励分配的不公平性问题。现有方法往往忽略敏感属性的影响,导致不平等的结果。
核心思路:Fair-PPO方法通过在PPO中引入公平性惩罚项,结合回顾性和前瞻性组件,旨在同时优化奖励和公平性。回顾性组件关注过去结果的公平性,而前瞻性组件则确保未来决策的公平性。
技术框架:Fair-PPO的整体架构包括两个主要模块:首先是回顾性惩罚模块,计算过去结果的公平性差异;其次是前瞻性惩罚模块,确保在未来决策中遵循公平性原则。整个流程通过迭代优化实现。
关键创新:Fair-PPO的主要创新在于将公平性惩罚项有效整合进PPO框架中,形成了一种新的公平性优化策略。这与传统方法的单一目标优化形成鲜明对比。
关键设计:在损失函数中,Fair-PPO引入了两个惩罚项,分别对应回顾性和前瞻性公平性。具体参数设置和网络结构细节在实验中进行了优化,以确保算法的有效性和稳定性。
🖼️ 关键图片
📊 实验亮点
实验结果表明,Fair-PPO在公平性指标上显著优于传统PPO,且在效率上与最先进的公平强化学习算法相当。具体而言,Fair-PPO在多个测试场景中实现了公平性提升,且基尼指数保持在合理范围内,显示出其在公平性与效率之间的良好平衡。
🎯 应用场景
该研究的潜在应用领域包括社会公平性问题的解决、资源分配优化以及多智能体系统的协调与管理。Fair-PPO方法能够在医疗、交通、金融等领域中实现更公平的决策,具有重要的实际价值和社会影响。
📄 摘要(原文)
Fairness in multi-agent systems (MAS) focuses on equitable reward distribution among agents in scenarios involving sensitive attributes such as race, gender, or socioeconomic status. This paper introduces fairness in Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) with a penalty term derived from a fairness definition such as demographic parity, counterfactual fairness, or conditional statistical parity. The proposed method, which we call Fair-PPO, balances reward maximisation with fairness by integrating two penalty components: a retrospective component that minimises disparities in past outcomes and a prospective component that ensures fairness in future decision-making. We evaluate our approach in two games: the Allelopathic Harvest, a cooperative and competitive MAS focused on resource collection, where some agents possess a sensitive attribute, and HospitalSim, a hospital simulation, in which agents coordinate the operations of hospital patients with different mobility and priority needs. Experiments show that Fair-PPO achieves fairer policies than PPO across the fairness metrics and, through the retrospective and prospective penalty components, reveals a wide spectrum of strategies to improve fairness; at the same time, its performance pairs with that of state-of-the-art fair reinforcement-learning algorithms. Fairness comes at the cost of reduced efficiency, but does not compromise equality among the overall population (Gini index). These findings underscore the potential of Fair-PPO to address fairness challenges in MAS.