Promoting cross-modal representations to improve multimodal foundation models for physiological signals

📄 arXiv: 2410.16424v1 📥 PDF

作者: Ching Fang, Christopher Sandino, Behrooz Mahasseni, Juri Minxha, Hadi Pouransari, Erdrin Azemi, Ali Moin, Ellen Zippi

分类: cs.LG

发布日期: 2024-10-21

备注: NeurIPS 2024 AIM-FM Workshop


💡 一句话要点

提出基于跨模态表征增强的多模态生理信号预训练模型,提升医疗健康应用性能。

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱二:RL算法与架构 (RL & Architecture) 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)

关键词: 多模态学习 生理信号 预训练模型 跨模态表征 掩码自编码器 医疗健康 模态Dropout

📋 核心要点

  1. 多模态医疗数据面临数据获取难、个体差异大、模态信息异构等挑战,现有方法难以有效利用多模态信息。
  2. 提出基于掩码自编码的多模态预训练模型,通过跨模态重建和模态dropout等策略,鼓励模型学习跨模态表征。
  3. 实验表明,该模型学习到的表征具有良好的线性可探测性,且注意力权重更具跨模态性和时间对齐性。

📝 摘要(中文)

本文针对医疗健康领域多模态生理信号的机器学习方法,探索了预训练基础模型的有效策略。由于多模态健康数据获取困难、个体差异大以及模态信息异构等挑战,本文在PhysioNet 2018数据集上,使用掩码自编码目标预训练多模态模型,并验证了其线性可探测性。研究表明,跨模态重建目标对于多模态训练至关重要,输入空间的模态dropout能够提升下游任务性能。对比学习目标下的晚融合模型效果欠佳。分析表明,预训练策略使注意力权重更具跨模态性和时间对齐性,嵌入在模态编码方面也更加分散。该工作验证了多模态基础模型在健康数据中的效用,并强调了显式跨模态方法对多模态预训练策略的增强作用。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:现有方法在处理多模态生理信号时,由于数据获取成本高、个体差异大以及模态信息异构等问题,难以充分利用多模态信息进行有效学习。尤其是在预训练基础模型的背景下,如何设计有效的预训练策略以适应生理信号的特性是一个挑战。

核心思路:论文的核心思路是通过引入跨模态重建目标和模态dropout策略,鼓励模型学习跨模态的表征。跨模态重建旨在让模型能够利用一个模态的信息来预测其他模态的信息,从而实现模态间的知识迁移和融合。模态dropout则通过随机丢弃部分模态的信息,迫使模型更加依赖于其他模态的信息,从而提高模型的鲁棒性和泛化能力。

技术框架:整体框架采用掩码自编码器(Masked Autoencoder)的结构进行预训练。具体流程如下:首先,对输入的多模态生理信号进行掩码操作,随机遮蔽部分模态的信息。然后,将掩码后的数据输入到编码器中,得到低维的表征。接着,将该表征输入到解码器中,解码器尝试重建原始的未掩码的多模态信号。通过最小化重建误差,模型学习到多模态信号的联合表征。

关键创新:论文的关键创新在于显式地引入了跨模态学习机制,通过跨模态重建目标和模态dropout策略,增强了模型对多模态信息的理解和融合能力。与传统的单模态预训练或简单的多模态融合方法相比,该方法能够更好地利用多模态信息之间的互补性,从而提高模型的性能。

关键设计:在损失函数方面,采用了均方误差(MSE)作为重建损失,用于衡量重建信号与原始信号之间的差异。在网络结构方面,编码器和解码器可以采用Transformer或其他适合处理序列数据的模型。模态dropout的比例是一个重要的超参数,需要根据具体的数据集和任务进行调整。此外,注意力机制也被用于分析模型学习到的跨模态关系,通过可视化注意力权重,可以观察到模型在不同模态之间是如何进行信息交互的。

🖼️ 关键图片

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📊 实验亮点

实验结果表明,通过跨模态重建和模态dropout策略预训练的模型,在多个下游任务上表现出良好的性能。注意力权重分析显示,预训练后的模型更倾向于关注跨模态信息,且注意力权重在时间上更加对齐。此外,嵌入向量在模态编码方面也更加分散,表明模型学习到了更丰富的多模态表征。

🎯 应用场景

该研究成果可应用于多种医疗健康场景,如疾病诊断、生理状态监测、个性化治疗方案制定等。通过对多模态生理信号的深入分析,可以更准确地了解患者的健康状况,为临床决策提供更可靠的依据。未来,该方法有望应用于可穿戴设备,实现实时的健康监测和预警。

📄 摘要(原文)

Many healthcare applications are inherently multimodal, involving several physiological signals. As sensors for these signals become more common, improving machine learning methods for multimodal healthcare data is crucial. Pretraining foundation models is a promising avenue for success. However, methods for developing foundation models in healthcare are still in early exploration and it is unclear which pretraining strategies are most effective given the diversity of physiological signals. This is partly due to challenges in multimodal health data: obtaining data across many patients is difficult and costly, there is a lot of inter-subject variability, and modalities are often heterogeneously informative across downstream tasks. Here, we explore these challenges in the PhysioNet 2018 dataset. We use a masked autoencoding objective to pretrain a multimodal model. We show that the model learns representations that can be linearly probed for a diverse set of downstream tasks. We hypothesize that cross-modal reconstruction objectives are important for successful multimodal training, as they encourage the model to integrate information across modalities. We demonstrate that modality dropout in the input space improves performance across downstream tasks. We also find that late-fusion models pretrained with contrastive learning objectives are less effective across multiple tasks. Finally, we analyze the model's representations, showing that attention weights become more cross-modal and temporally aligned with our pretraining strategy. The learned embeddings also become more distributed in terms of the modalities encoded by each unit. Overall, our work demonstrates the utility of multimodal foundation models with health data, even across diverse physiological data sources. We further argue that explicit methods for inducing cross-modality may enhance multimodal pretraining strategies.