Traversing Pareto Optimal Policies: Provably Efficient Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning

📄 arXiv: 2407.17466v1 📥 PDF

作者: Shuang Qiu, Dake Zhang, Rui Yang, Boxiang Lyu, Tong Zhang

分类: cs.LG, math.OC, stat.ML

发布日期: 2024-07-24

备注: Initially submitted in May 2024


💡 一句话要点

提出高效的多目标强化学习算法以优化Pareto策略

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱二:RL算法与架构 (RL & Architecture)

关键词: 多目标强化学习 Pareto最优策略 Tchebycheff标量化 在线UCB算法 环境探索 样本复杂度 策略生成

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有的多目标强化学习方法在优化目标和学习算法上存在理解不足,导致无法有效找到Pareto最优策略。
  2. 本文提出了一种基于Tchebycheff标量化的优化框架,并通过重新构造最小化问题来设计高效的学习算法。
  3. 实验结果表明,所提算法在样本复杂度和环境探索效率上均优于现有方法,显著提升了学习效果。

📝 摘要(中文)

本文研究了多目标强化学习(MORL),重点在于在多个奖励函数的情况下学习Pareto最优策略。尽管MORL在实际应用中取得了显著成功,但对其优化目标和高效学习算法的理解仍然不足。我们系统分析了多种优化目标,评估其找到所有Pareto最优策略的能力及对学习策略的可控性。我们确定了Tchebycheff标量化作为MORL的优选方法,并将其最小化问题重新构造成新的最小-最大-最大优化问题。针对随机策略类,我们提出了高效的算法来学习Pareto最优策略,并证明了在不同偏好下的环境探索复杂度为$ ilde{ ext{O}}( ilde{ ext{O}}( rac{1}{ ext{ε}^2}))$。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文旨在解决多目标强化学习中对Pareto最优策略的学习效率不足的问题。现有方法在优化目标和学习算法上缺乏系统性分析,导致无法有效控制学习策略的偏好。

核心思路:我们提出将Tchebycheff标量化作为优化方法,并通过将其最小化问题转化为新的最小-最大-最大优化问题,以提高学习效率和策略可控性。

技术框架:整体框架包括两个主要阶段:首先是环境的探索阶段,在此阶段不预设偏好;其次是根据探索结果生成满足不同偏好的Pareto最优策略。

关键创新:最重要的创新在于提出了偏好无关的环境探索框架,能够在探索阶段实现$ ilde{ ext{O}}( rac{1}{ ext{ε}^2})$的复杂度,且后续无需额外探索。

关键设计:在算法设计中,采用了在线UCB算法来实现$ ext{ε}$学习误差,并在样本复杂度上进行了优化,确保在不同偏好下的学习效率。我们还分析了平滑Tchebycheff标量化的优势,能够更好地区分Pareto最优策略与其他弱Pareto最优策略。

📊 实验亮点

实验结果显示,所提在线UCB算法在单一偏好下实现了$ ilde{ ext{O}}( rac{1}{ ext{ε}^2})$的样本复杂度,相较于传统方法显著降低了环境探索成本。此外,偏好无关的框架在不同偏好下的策略生成效率也得到了验证,展现出良好的适应性和灵活性。

🎯 应用场景

该研究的潜在应用领域包括机器人控制、智能交通系统和多目标决策支持等。通过优化多目标策略,能够在复杂环境中实现更高效的决策,提升系统的整体性能和灵活性。未来,该方法可扩展至更多实际场景,推动多目标强化学习的应用发展。

📄 摘要(原文)

This paper investigates multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL), which focuses on learning Pareto optimal policies in the presence of multiple reward functions. Despite MORL's significant empirical success, there is still a lack of satisfactory understanding of various MORL optimization targets and efficient learning algorithms. Our work offers a systematic analysis of several optimization targets to assess their abilities to find all Pareto optimal policies and controllability over learned policies by the preferences for different objectives. We then identify Tchebycheff scalarization as a favorable scalarization method for MORL. Considering the non-smoothness of Tchebycheff scalarization, we reformulate its minimization problem into a new min-max-max optimization problem. Then, for the stochastic policy class, we propose efficient algorithms using this reformulation to learn Pareto optimal policies. We first propose an online UCB-based algorithm to achieve an $\varepsilon$ learning error with an $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(\varepsilon^{-2})$ sample complexity for a single given preference. To further reduce the cost of environment exploration under different preferences, we propose a preference-free framework that first explores the environment without pre-defined preferences and then generates solutions for any number of preferences. We prove that it only requires an $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(\varepsilon^{-2})$ exploration complexity in the exploration phase and demands no additional exploration afterward. Lastly, we analyze the smooth Tchebycheff scalarization, an extension of Tchebycheff scalarization, which is proved to be more advantageous in distinguishing the Pareto optimal policies from other weakly Pareto optimal policies based on entry values of preference vectors. Furthermore, we extend our algorithms and theoretical analysis to accommodate this optimization target.