CovidLLM: A Robust Large Language Model with Missing Value Adaptation and Multi-Objective Learning Strategy for Predicting Disease Severity and Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients

📄 arXiv: 2412.03593v1 📥 PDF

作者: Shengjun Zhu, Siyu Liu, Yang Li, Qing Lei, Hongyan Hou, Hewei Jiang, Shujuan Guo, Feng Wang, Rongshang Chen, Xionglin Fan, Shengce Tao, Jiaxin Cai

分类: cs.CL, cs.AI, cs.LG

发布日期: 2024-11-28


💡 一句话要点

CovidLLM:一种鲁棒的大语言模型,通过缺失值自适应和多目标学习预测COVID-19患者的疾病严重程度和临床结果。

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)

关键词: 大语言模型 COVID-19 疾病预测 临床结果 缺失值处理

📋 核心要点

  1. 传统机器学习和深度学习模型在COVID-19预后预测中被广泛应用,但大语言模型(LLM)的潜力尚未充分挖掘,存在探索空间。
  2. CovidLLM通过定制提示处理缺失值,避免了传统插补方法;采用多目标学习策略,利用疾病严重程度预测辅助临床结果预测。
  3. 实验结果表明,基于ChatGLM的CovidLLM模型在预测COVID-19患者疾病严重程度和临床结果方面表现出有效性。

📝 摘要(中文)

本研究提出了一种名为CovidLLM的鲁棒大语言模型,用于预测COVID-19患者的疾病严重程度和临床结果。该模型利用专门设计的提示和多目标学习策略。模型输入数据为与临床结果和疾病严重程度显著相关的血清学指标。针对血检样本中常见的缺失值问题,CovidLLM通过提示显式告知模型特征值缺失,避免了传统模型中常用的数据插补。在多目标学习方面,模型首先预测疾病严重程度,然后基于该预测结果预测临床结果。通过这种方式,两个目标在LLM的微调过程中相互影响和提升。实验基于ChatGLM模型进行,结果表明LLM在该任务中具有有效性,并具有进一步开发的潜力。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:论文旨在解决COVID-19患者疾病严重程度和临床结果的早期预测问题。现有方法,如传统机器学习模型,在处理包含大量缺失值的血检数据时,通常依赖于插补方法,这可能会引入偏差并影响预测准确性。此外,现有方法可能没有充分利用大语言模型的语义理解能力。

核心思路:论文的核心思路是利用大语言模型(LLM)的强大语义理解能力,通过精心设计的提示(prompts)来处理缺失值,避免数据插补。同时,采用多目标学习策略,将疾病严重程度预测作为临床结果预测的辅助任务,从而提高整体预测性能。

技术框架:CovidLLM的整体框架包括数据预处理、提示构建、模型微调和结果评估几个阶段。首先,选择与COVID-19临床结果相关的血清学指标作为输入特征。然后,针对缺失值,设计特定的提示,例如“该特征缺失”。接下来,基于ChatGLM模型进行微调,采用多目标学习策略,同时优化疾病严重程度和临床结果的预测。最后,评估模型在测试集上的性能。

关键创新:该论文的关键创新在于:1) 利用LLM的语义理解能力,通过提示直接处理缺失值,避免了传统插补方法可能引入的偏差;2) 采用多目标学习策略,将疾病严重程度预测作为临床结果预测的辅助任务,利用两个任务之间的相关性来提升整体性能。

关键设计:在提示设计方面,论文没有提供具体的提示模板,但强调了需要显式告知模型哪些特征缺失。在多目标学习方面,损失函数可能是两个任务损失的加权和。具体权重比例未知。模型基于ChatGLM,但具体微调参数和网络结构细节未知。

📊 实验亮点

论文结果表明,基于ChatGLM的CovidLLM模型在预测COVID-19患者疾病严重程度和临床结果方面表现出有效性。虽然论文中没有提供具体的性能数据和对比基线,但强调了LLM在该任务中的潜力,并为进一步研究奠定了基础。具体的性能提升幅度未知。

🎯 应用场景

该研究成果可应用于临床决策支持系统,帮助医生早期识别COVID-19患者的疾病严重程度和潜在不良预后,从而制定更有效的治疗方案,改善患者的临床结果。此外,该方法也可以推广到其他疾病的预测和诊断,尤其是在数据存在大量缺失值的情况下。

📄 摘要(原文)

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which emerged in 2019, has caused millions of deaths worldwide. Although effective vaccines have been developed to mitigate severe symptoms, certain populations, particularly the elderly and those with comorbidities, remain at high risk for severe outcomes and increased mortality. Consequently, early identification of the severity and clinical outcomes of the disease in these patients is vital to prevent adverse prognoses. Although traditional machine learning and deep learning models have been widely employed in this area, the potential of large language models (LLMs) remains largely unexplored. Our research focuses primarily on constructing specialized prompts and adopting multi-objective learning strategies. We started by selecting serological indicators that significantly correlate with clinical outcomes and disease severity to serve as input data for the model. Blood test samples often contain numerous missing values, and traditional models generally rely on imputation to handle these gaps in the data. In contrast, LLMs offer the advantage of robust semantic understanding. By setting prompts, we can explicitly inform the model when a feature's value is missing, without the need for imputation. For the multi-objective learning strategy, the model is designed to first predict disease severity and then predict clinical outcomes. Given that LLMs utilize both the input text and the generated tokens as input for generating the next token, the predicted severity is used as a basis for generating the clinical outcome. During the fine-tuning of the LLM, the two objectives influence and improve each other. Our experiments were implemented based on the ChatGLM model. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of LLMs in this task, suggesting promising potential for further development.