Hybrid Reward Normalization for Process-supervised Non-verifiable Agentic Tasks
作者: Peiran Xu, Zhuohao Li, Xiaoying Xing, Guannan Zhang, Debiao Li, Kunyu Shi
分类: cs.AI, cs.LG
发布日期: 2025-09-29
💡 一句话要点
提出原则过程奖励以解决长轨迹任务中的反馈稀疏问题
🎯 匹配领域: 支柱二:RL算法与架构 (RL & Architecture) 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)
关键词: 强化学习 过程奖励 大型语言模型 奖励归一化 智能决策 任务执行
📋 核心要点
- 现有的基于结果的奖励方法在长轨迹任务中反馈稀疏,限制了模型的学习效率。
- 本文提出原则过程奖励(PPR),通过统一步骤评估和结果验证来优化奖励机制。
- 实验结果显示,PPR在多个基准测试中表现优异,超越了现有的最先进方法。
📝 摘要(中文)
大型语言模型(LLMs)越来越依赖外部工具如搜索引擎来解决复杂的代理任务,这些任务需要推理和外部知识检索。尽管基于结果的强化学习(RLVR)在通过结果奖励提升LLMs能力方面表现出色,但其稀疏的反馈限制了在长轨迹上的有效性。过程奖励通过评估中间步骤来提供细粒度的监督,但在没有“黄金”答案的非可验证过程中,逐步标注极具挑战性。为了解决这些问题,本文提出了原则过程奖励(PPR),通过统一步骤评估和结果验证来提升过程评估的透明度和可靠性,并引入奖励归一化(ReNorm)策略来校准结果和过程奖励。实验结果表明,PPR在多项基准测试中实现了最先进的性能,展现了其卓越的鲁棒性和泛化能力。
🔬 方法详解
问题定义:本文旨在解决在长轨迹任务中,基于结果的奖励反馈稀疏的问题。现有方法在没有“黄金”答案的情况下,难以进行有效的逐步标注,导致模型学习效率低下。
核心思路:论文提出的原则过程奖励(PPR)通过结合步骤级评估和结果验证,提供更为细致的奖励信号,从而提升模型在复杂任务中的表现。这样的设计旨在解决传统方法中反馈延迟和稀疏的问题。
技术框架:PPR的整体架构包括两个主要模块:原则性奖励模型和奖励归一化策略。原则性奖励模型用于评估每一步的贡献,而奖励归一化策略则用于平衡过程奖励与结果奖励之间的关系。
关键创新:PPR的核心创新在于其将步骤级评估与结果验证相结合,形成了一种新的奖励机制。这种方法与传统的基于结果的奖励方法相比,能够提供更为细致和及时的反馈。
关键设计:在模型设计上,PPR采用了特定的损失函数来优化步骤评估的准确性,并通过归一化策略调整奖励信号的强度,以确保模型在训练过程中能够有效学习。
🖼️ 关键图片
📊 实验亮点
实验结果表明,PPR在多个基准测试中实现了最先进的性能,相较于传统方法,模型的鲁棒性和泛化能力显著提升,具体性能提升幅度达到XX%(具体数据待补充)。
🎯 应用场景
该研究的潜在应用领域包括智能助手、自动化决策系统和复杂任务的自动化处理。通过提升模型在长轨迹任务中的表现,PPR有望在多个行业中实现更高效的任务执行和决策支持,未来可能推动智能系统的广泛应用。
📄 摘要(原文)
Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on external tools such as search engines to solve complex agentic tasks that require reasoning and external knowledge retrieval. Recently, reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has demonstrated its effectiveness in advancing capabilities of LLMs by rewarding the final answers via outcome rewards. While straightforward to supervise, outcome rewards only provide sparse signals and delayed feedback, which limits their effectiveness on long trajectories. Process rewards address this by evaluating intermediate steps, providing fine-grained supervision and encouraging grounded problem solving. However, it is notoriously hard to annotate step-wise labels, especially in non-verifiable process without "golden" answers. Furthermore, step-wise judgment requires the balance between local quality with contribution to the final outcome, as optimizing towards higher process reward may not always align with better final outcomes. To address the above challenges, we introduce Principle Process Reward (PPR), an RL approach that unifies principled step-level assessment and outcome verification. We train a principle-based reward model to improve the transparency and reliability of process evaluation, and further introduce a Reward Normalization (ReNorm) strategy to calibrate outcome and process rewards. Experiment results show that PPR achieves state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of benchmarks, demonstrating its impressive robustness and generalization. Our code and model collection is available in this link.