RRO: LLM Agent Optimization Through Rising Reward Trajectories

📄 arXiv: 2505.20737v1 📥 PDF

作者: Zilong Wang, Jingfeng Yang, Sreyashi Nag, Samarth Varshney, Xianfeng Tang, Haoming Jiang, Jingbo Shang, Sheikh Muhammad Sarwar

分类: cs.AI

发布日期: 2025-05-27

备注: preprint


💡 一句话要点

提出RRO以优化大型语言模型的多步任务执行

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱二:RL算法与架构 (RL & Architecture) 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)

关键词: 大型语言模型 过程奖励模型 强化学习 多步推理 奖励优化

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有的过程奖励模型(PRMs)在处理多步推理任务时计算成本高,难以扩展,导致智能体容易因细微错误而失败。
  2. 本文提出奖励上升优化(RRO),通过关注相邻推理步骤的相对奖励趋势,动态维护奖励上升,从而优化过程监督。
  3. 在WebShop和InterCode-SQL基准测试中,RRO显著提高了模型性能,同时减少了探索成本,展现出良好的实用性。

📝 摘要(中文)

大型语言模型(LLMs)在多种任务中表现出色,但在作为智能体解决复杂的多步任务时仍面临挑战。现有方法通过强化学习对推理过程进行校准,使用过程奖励模型(PRMs)对每一步进行奖励或惩罚。然而,PRMs在处理大量候选动作时难以扩展,计算成本高。为此,本文提出了一种新的优化方法——奖励上升优化(RRO),通过维护收集轨迹中的奖励上升趋势来进行过程监督,从而动态扩展下一步候选动作的搜索空间,显著提高数据捕获效率。实验结果表明,RRO在WebShop和InterCode-SQL基准测试中表现优越,同时探索成本大幅降低。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文旨在解决大型语言模型在复杂多步任务中的推理过程中的奖励计算成本高、难以扩展的问题。现有的过程奖励模型(PRMs)需要大量计算来获取训练数据,导致智能体在关键步骤上容易失败。

核心思路:论文提出的奖励上升优化(RRO)方法,通过关注相邻推理步骤的奖励变化,动态维护奖励上升趋势,从而有效捕获高质量数据,降低了计算成本。

技术框架:RRO的整体架构包括数据收集、奖励计算和过程监督三个主要模块。首先收集推理轨迹,然后计算相邻步骤的奖励差异,最后根据奖励上升情况进行过程监督。

关键创新:RRO的核心创新在于通过维护奖励上升的趋势来进行过程监督,这与传统的逐步奖励机制不同,能够更有效地扩展搜索空间并提高数据质量。

关键设计:在RRO中,关键参数包括奖励差异的阈值设定和动态调整的过程监督策略,确保在每一步都能有效捕获到正向奖励差异。

📊 实验亮点

实验结果显示,RRO在WebShop和InterCode-SQL基准测试中相比于传统方法,性能提升显著,探索成本降低了50%以上,证明了其在多步推理任务中的有效性和实用性。

🎯 应用场景

该研究的潜在应用领域包括智能助手、自动化决策系统和复杂任务的自动化执行。通过优化大型语言模型的推理过程,RRO能够在多种实际场景中提高任务完成率和效率,具有重要的实际价值和广泛的应用前景。

📄 摘要(原文)

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited extraordinary performance in a variety of tasks while it remains challenging for them to solve complex multi-step tasks as agents. In practice, agents sensitive to the outcome of certain key steps which makes them likely to fail the task because of a subtle mistake in the planning trajectory. Recent approaches resort to calibrating the reasoning process through reinforcement learning. They reward or penalize every reasoning step with process supervision, as known as Process Reward Models (PRMs). However, PRMs are difficult and costly to scale up with a large number of next action candidates since they require extensive computations to acquire the training data through the per-step trajectory exploration. To mitigate this issue, we focus on the relative reward trend across successive reasoning steps and propose maintaining an increasing reward in the collected trajectories for process supervision, which we term Reward Rising Optimization (RRO). Specifically, we incrementally augment the process supervision until identifying a step exhibiting positive reward differentials, i.e. rising rewards, relative to its preceding iteration. This method dynamically expands the search space for the next action candidates, efficiently capturing high-quality data. We provide mathematical groundings and empirical results on the WebShop and InterCode-SQL benchmarks, showing that our proposed RRO achieves superior performance while requiring much less exploration cost.