Ice Cream Doesn't Cause Drowning: Benchmarking LLMs Against Statistical Pitfalls in Causal Inference

📄 arXiv: 2505.13770v1 📥 PDF

作者: Jin Du, Li Chen, Xun Xian, An Luo, Fangqiao Tian, Ganghua Wang, Charles Doss, Xiaotong Shen, Jie Ding

分类: cs.AI, cs.CL, cs.LG, stat.ME, stat.ML

发布日期: 2025-05-19


💡 一句话要点

提出CausalPitfalls基准以解决LLMs因果推断中的统计陷阱问题

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)

关键词: 因果推断 大型语言模型 统计陷阱 基准测试 模型评估 机器学习 数据分析

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有的因果推断基准任务过于简化,无法有效评估LLMs在复杂因果推断中的能力。
  2. 本文提出CausalPitfalls基准,通过结构化挑战和评分标准,全面评估LLMs在因果推断中的表现。
  3. 实验结果表明,当前LLMs在统计因果推断方面存在显著局限,为未来的因果推理系统提供了重要指导。

📝 摘要(中文)

可靠的因果推断在医学、经济学和公共政策等高风险领域至关重要。然而,目前尚不清楚大型语言模型(LLMs)是否能够处理严格且可信的统计因果推断。现有基准通常涉及简化任务,可能忽视重要的统计陷阱,如辛普森悖论或选择偏差。为了解决这些局限性,本文提出了CausalPitfalls,一个全面的基准,旨在严格评估LLMs克服常见因果推断陷阱的能力。该基准包含多个难度级别的结构化挑战,并配有评分标准,允许我们定量测量因果推理能力和LLMs响应的可靠性。通过直接提示和代码辅助提示两种协议评估模型,结果显示当前LLMs在进行统计因果推断时存在显著局限性。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:本文旨在解决大型语言模型在因果推断中面临的统计陷阱问题,现有方法往往忽视复杂的统计现象,如辛普森悖论和选择偏差,导致推断结果不可靠。

核心思路:CausalPitfalls基准通过设计多层次的结构化挑战,结合评分标准,系统性地评估LLMs在因果推断中的能力,确保模型能够应对复杂的统计问题。

技术框架:该基准包括多个难度级别的任务,采用两种评估协议:直接提示和代码辅助提示。直接提示评估模型的内在因果推理能力,而代码辅助提示则要求模型生成可执行代码进行明确的统计分析。

关键创新:CausalPitfalls的创新在于其全面性和系统性,能够量化评估LLMs在因果推断中的表现,填补了现有基准的空白。

关键设计:基准任务设计涵盖了多种因果推断的统计陷阱,评分标准经过验证,与人类专家的评估结果相比较,确保了评估的可靠性和有效性。

📊 实验亮点

实验结果显示,当前LLMs在处理因果推断时存在显著局限性,尤其在面对复杂统计陷阱时,表现不佳。CausalPitfalls基准的引入为未来因果推理系统的开发提供了重要的定量指标和指导。

🎯 应用场景

该研究的潜在应用领域包括医学、经济学和公共政策等高风险决策场景。通过提升LLMs在因果推断中的可靠性,能够为政策制定和科学研究提供更为准确的支持,进而影响社会各个层面的决策过程。

📄 摘要(原文)

Reliable causal inference is essential for making decisions in high-stakes areas like medicine, economics, and public policy. However, it remains unclear whether large language models (LLMs) can handle rigorous and trustworthy statistical causal inference. Current benchmarks usually involve simplified tasks. For example, these tasks might only ask LLMs to identify semantic causal relationships or draw conclusions directly from raw data. As a result, models may overlook important statistical pitfalls, such as Simpson's paradox or selection bias. This oversight limits the applicability of LLMs in the real world. To address these limitations, we propose CausalPitfalls, a comprehensive benchmark designed to rigorously evaluate the capability of LLMs in overcoming common causal inference pitfalls. Our benchmark features structured challenges across multiple difficulty levels, each paired with grading rubrics. This approach allows us to quantitatively measure both causal reasoning capabilities and the reliability of LLMs' responses. We evaluate models using two protocols: (1) direct prompting, which assesses intrinsic causal reasoning, and (2) code-assisted prompting, where models generate executable code for explicit statistical analysis. Additionally, we validate the effectiveness of this judge by comparing its scoring with assessments from human experts. Our results reveal significant limitations in current LLMs when performing statistical causal inference. The CausalPitfalls benchmark provides essential guidance and quantitative metrics to advance the development of trustworthy causal reasoning systems.