Causal Order: The Key to Leveraging Imperfect Experts in Causal Inference

📄 arXiv: 2310.15117v2 📥 PDF

作者: Aniket Vashishtha, Abbavaram Gowtham Reddy, Abhinav Kumar, Saketh Bachu, Vineeth N Balasubramanian, Amit Sharma

分类: cs.AI, cs.CL

发布日期: 2023-10-23 (更新: 2025-04-08)


💡 一句话要点

提出因果顺序以解决因果推断中专家知识利用问题

🎯 匹配领域: 支柱九:具身大模型 (Embodied Foundation Models)

关键词: 因果推断 大型语言模型 三元组方法 专家知识 因果顺序 模型性能提升 投票集成

📋 核心要点

  1. 现有方法依赖成对提示推断因果图,无法有效区分直接和间接效应,导致显著错误。
  2. 论文提出因果顺序作为输出接口,并引入三元组方法,通过辅助变量避免循环,提高推断准确性。
  3. 实验结果显示,三元组方法在多个真实世界图中表现优于成对提示,且小型模型的性能得到提升。

📝 摘要(中文)

大型语言模型(LLMs)常被用作专家推断因果图,但现有的成对提示方法无法有效区分直接和间接效应。本文提出使用因果顺序作为更稳定的输出接口,并引入三元组方法,通过引入辅助变量来避免循环,从而提高准确性和效率。实验表明,该方法在多个真实世界图中表现优于传统的成对提示,且小型模型如Phi-3和Llama-3 8B Instruct在此方法下超越了GPT-4。

🔬 方法详解

问题定义:论文要解决的问题是如何有效利用专家知识进行因果推断,现有方法的痛点在于成对提示无法准确区分因果关系,导致推断结果存在显著错误。

核心思路:论文的核心解决思路是引入因果顺序作为更稳定的输出接口,并采用三元组方法,通过引入辅助变量来避免因果图中的循环,从而提高推断的准确性和效率。

技术框架:整体架构包括三个主要模块:1) 使用三元组方法进行查询,2) 通过引入辅助变量避免循环,3) 采用投票集成方法提高准确性。

关键创新:最重要的技术创新点在于三元组方法的提出,它通过引入辅助变量来避免循环,与现有的成对提示方法本质上不同,能够更准确地推断因果顺序。

关键设计:在关键设计上,论文详细描述了辅助变量的选择和引入方式,以及投票集成方法的实现细节,确保在不同查询中保持高效和准确。

🖼️ 关键图片

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📊 实验亮点

实验结果显示,三元组方法在多个真实世界图中相比成对提示提高了因果顺序推断的准确性,且小型模型如Phi-3和Llama-3 8B Instruct在此方法下超越了GPT-4,展示了显著的性能提升。

🎯 应用场景

该研究的潜在应用领域包括因果推断、社会科学研究、经济学模型构建等。通过提高因果推断的准确性,能够为决策制定提供更可靠的依据,进而影响政策制定和商业策略。未来,该方法可能在更多领域得到推广,提升因果推断的整体水平。

📄 摘要(原文)

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used as experts to infer causal graphs, often by repeatedly applying a pairwise prompt that asks about the causal relationship of each variable pair. However, such experts, including human domain experts, cannot distinguish between direct and indirect effects given a pairwise prompt. Therefore, instead of the graph, we propose that causal order be used as a more stable output interface for utilizing expert knowledge. Even when querying a perfect expert with a pairwise prompt, we show that the inferred graph can have significant errors whereas the causal order is always correct. In practice, however, LLMs are imperfect experts and we find that pairwise prompts lead to multiple cycles. Hence, we propose the triplet method, a novel querying strategy that introduces an auxiliary variable for every variable pair and instructs the LLM to avoid cycles within this triplet. It then uses a voting-based ensemble method that results in higher accuracy and fewer cycles while ensuring cost efficiency. Across multiple real-world graphs, such a triplet-based method yields a more accurate order than the pairwise prompt, using both LLMs and human annotators. The triplet method enhances robustness by repeatedly querying an expert with different auxiliary variables, enabling smaller models like Phi-3 and Llama-3 8B Instruct to surpass GPT-4 with pairwise prompting. For practical usage, we show how the expert-provided causal order from the triplet method can be used to reduce error in downstream graph discovery and effect inference tasks.